![]() "Is bowel preparation before colonoscopy a risky business for the kidney?". US 3726960, Bell, Russel N, "Sodium Aluminum Phosphate Cheese Emulsifying Agent", published 1973."Phosphate toxicity: New insights into an old problem". "Applications and functions of food-grade phosphates". ^ "Monosodium Phosphate | Sodium Phosphate Formula".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. ^ a b Klaus Schrödter Gerhard Bettermann Thomas Staffel Friedrich Wahl Thomas Klein Thomas Hofmann (2012).In terms of their structures, these polymers consist of PO 3 − "monomers", with the chains are terminated by protonated phosphates. These species have the formula n 2 where n can be as great as 2000. Crystalline high molecular weight polyphosphates include Kurrol's salt and Maddrell's salt (CAS#1). It is a linear polyphosphate with the average formula NaO(NaPO 3)Na 2. One derivative is the glassy (i.e., amorphous) Graham's salt. The specific polyphosphate generated depends on the details of the heating and annealing. Polymeric sodium phosphates are formed upon heating mixtures of NaH 2PO 4 and Na 2HPO 4, which induces a condensation reaction. The cyclic polyphosphates, called metaphosphates, include the trimer sodium trimetaphosphate and the tetramer, Na 3P 3O 9 and Na 4P 4O 12, respectively. Of these salts, those of the diphosphates are particularly common commercially.īeyond the diphosphates, sodium salts are known triphosphates, e.g. In addition to these phosphates, sodium forms a number of useful salts with pyrophosphates (also called diphosphates), triphosphates and high polymers. Trisodium phosphate (anhydrous, hexagonal) Some of the most well known salts are shown in the following table. ![]() Three families of sodium monophosphates are common, those derived from orthophosphate (PO 4 3−), hydrogen phosphate (HPO 4 2−), and dihydrogenphosphate (H 2PO 4 −). Since safe and effective replacements for phosphate purgatives are available, several medical authorities have recommended general disuse of oral phosphates. Oral phosphate prep drugs have been withdrawn in the United States, although evidence of causality is equivocal. There are several oral phosphate formulations which are prepared extemporaneously. However, oral sodium phosphates when taken at high doses for bowel preparation for colonoscopy may in some individuals carry a risk of kidney injury under the form of phosphate nephropathy. ![]() Sodium phosphates are popular in commerce in part because they are inexpensive and because they are nontoxic at normal levels of consumption. ![]() They are also used in detergents for softening water and as an efficient anti- rust solution. They are also used in medicine for constipation and to prepare the bowel for medical procedures. They are also used to control pH of processed foods. For example, sodium phosphates are often used as emulsifiers (as in processed cheese), thickening agents, and leavening agents for baked goods. Sodium phosphates have many applications in food and for water treatment. The hydrates are more common than the anhydrous forms. Most of these salts are known in both anhydrous (water-free) and hydrated forms. Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. ![]() Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Trisodium phosphateĪ sodium phosphate is a generic variety of salts of sodium (Na +) and phosphate (PO 4 3−). For the chemical known as sodium phosphate, see Trisodium phosphate. ![]()
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